Ophthalmology
Browse 34 topics in ophthalmology, including presentations, diagnoses, procedures, tools, and exam links.
Specialty map
Use the filters below to move between emergency clusters, core pathways, exam topics, procedures, and the most relevant clinical atlas pages.
Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma
The rapid IOP spike (often 50-70 mmHg) leads to ischaemic damage to the optic nerve, retina, and corneal endothelium. Treatment is a time-critical hierarchy: immediate medical reduction of IOP followed by definitive...
Acute Conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis, primarily caused by Adenovirus , accounts for 65–90% of all infectious cases in adults. Bacterial conjunctivitis is less common in adults than in children but remains significant, often caused by...
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Comprehensive evidence-based guide to age-related macular degeneration, covering pathophysiology, genetics, classification, anti-VEGF therapy, and the latest evidence from AREDS2 and landmark trials.
Alport Syndrome
The classic clinical triad comprises progressive renal disease (haematuria progressing to proteinuria and renal failure), bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, and characteristic ocular abnormalities (anterior...
Anterior Uveitis
Anterior uveitis (iritis/iridocyclitis) is inflammation of the iris and ciliary body, presenting as a painful red eye wi... MRCP, FRCS Ophth exam preparation.
Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Adults
Bacterial conjunctivitis represents one of the most common ocular conditions encountered in primary care and emergency s... MRCP exam preparation.
Behçet's Disease
Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing, multisystem inflammatory disorder characterised by recurrent oral and gen... MRCP exam preparation.
Blepharitis (Adult)
Blepharitis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the eyelid margins, representing one of the most common causes... FRCOphth exam preparation.
Cataract (Adult)
A cataract is defined as any opacity of the crystalline lens that interferes with the passage of light to the retina, resulting in reduced visual acuity. Cataracts represent the leading cause of reversible blindness...
Cataracts
A cataract is an opacification of the crystalline lens of the eye, leading to progressive visual impairment. It represen... FRCOphth, Medical Finals exam prepar
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Incidence : 1-2 per 100,000/year, increasing with age Presentation : Sudden painless monocular vision loss (typically count fingers or worse) Critical time window : 90-110 minutes for irreversible retinal damage...
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent mucous membrane that covers the white of the... MRCP exam preparation.
Corneal Abrasion
Comprehensive evidence-based guide to diagnosis and management of corneal abrasion and corneal injury
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), also known as Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5) , is a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latent infection after primary exposure. CMV infection represents a critical spectrum of...
Diabetic Retinopathy
DR progresses through distinct stages: Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) – subdivided into Background (R1), Pre-Proliferative (R2) – and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR, R3) , characterised by...
Drug Eruptions: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) represent severe, life-threatening mucocutaneous dru... MRCP, Emergency Medicine exam prepar
Eczema Herpeticum
Key Facts Aetiology : HSV-1 (85-90% of cases) or HSV-2 infection on disrupted skin barrier Risk population : Predominantly atopic dermatitis patients (especially moderate-to-severe, childhood-onset disease) Incidence...
Eye Anatomy and Pupillary Reflexes
Overview - Pupil anatomy and control mechanisms... CICM First Part Written SAQ, CICM First Part Written MCQ exam preparation.
Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis)
A comprehensive, evidence-based guide to Giant Cell Arteritis, covering emergency management of visual loss, temporal artery ultrasound, tocilizumab therapy, and steroid-sparing strategies. Essential reading for MRCP,...
Glaucoma (Adult)
Glaucoma is a group of progressive optic neuropathies characterised by structural damage to the optic nerve head and ret... FRCOphth exam preparation.
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Herpes zoster (shingles) results from reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) from dorsal root, cranial nerv... MRCP, PLAB exam preparation.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) is a disorder characterized by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in the ab... MRCP Part 2 exam preparation.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
JIA affects approximately 1 in 1,000 children and represents a major cause of chronic disability in the paediatric population. The condition is characterised by chronic synovial inflammation leading to joint pain,...
Mitochondrial Diseases
These conditions arise from mutations in either mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes (showing maternal inheritance) or nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes (showing Mendelian inheritance patterns). Because mitochondria are present in...
Mucormycosis
A comprehensive guide to Mucormycosis, covering epidemiology, molecular pathophysiology of angioinvasion, clinical manifestations across all forms (rhinocerebral, pulmonary, disseminated, cutaneous), diagnostic...
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
A comprehensive, evidence-based guide to Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), covering aquaporin-4 antibody pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, differentiation from MS and MOGAD, acute management...
Orbital Cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis is a vision- and life-threatening emergency characterized by infection of the orbital soft tissues po... MRCP, Emergency Medicine exam prepar
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
POAG is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, affecting approximately 70 million people globally. The condition is aptly termed "The Silent Thief of Sight" because it typically remains asymptomatic...
Retinal Detachment
Classic presentation follows a characteristic sequence: sudden onset floaters, photopsia (flashes of light), progressive "curtain" or shadow obscuring vision, culminating in visual field loss or complete vision loss...
Retinoblastoma
The disease typically presents before the age of 5 years, with a median diagnosis at 18 months in bilateral cases and 24 months in unilateral disease. The critical clinical challenge lies in achieving the optimal...
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Key Facts Definition : A disorder of retinal vessel development in preterm infants caused by the interplay of hyperoxia, hypoxia, and growth factors (VEGF/IGF-1). Prevalence : ROP affects approximately 60% of infants...
Torticollis in Children
Torticollis (derived from Latin tortus meaning "twisted" and collum meaning "neck") is an abnormal posturing of the head and neck characterized by lateral head tilt toward the affected side and chin rotation toward...
Toxoplasmosis
The parasite's complex life cycle involves cats as the definitive host, with humans and other warm-blooded animals serving as intermediate hosts. Transmission occurs through ingestion of oocysts from cat feces,...
Viral Conjunctivitis
The disease is highly contagious , spreading through direct contact with infected ocular secretions and contaminated fomites (towels, pillowcases, ophthalmic equipment). Most cases follow a self-limiting course , with...